Ama-Sweeteners emvelo
I-Steviol Glycosides
I-Steviol glycosides, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-stevia glycosides noma i-stevia sugar, ayizona{0}}izinto ezinoshukela ezingokwemvelo ezingaphansi kwesigaba se-glycoside. Akhishwa futhi acwengisiswe emaqabunga esitshalo se-stevia (Stevia repens), isitshalo se-herbaceous emndenini we-Asteraceae. Ziyi-diterpenoid glycosides, izimpushana zekristalu ezingenaphunga ezimhlophe noma eziphuzi kancane ezinefomula yamangqamuzana C38H60O18. Ibanga lazo lokuncibilika liyi-196-202℃, nenani le-calorific elingu-0. Cishe izikhathi ezingu-300 zimnandi kune-sucrose, ezinokunambitheka okubabayo nokotshani, futhi ubumnandi bukhula kancane. I-Steviol glycosides iyancibilika emanzini ne-ethanol, i-hygroscopic, futhi inokuqina okuqinile kokushisa, okwenza kube nzima ukubola.
I-Monk fruit glycosides ama-sweeteners emvelo e-triterpenoid glycoside. Ingxenye yabo emnandi yi-C60H102O29·H2O, equkethe izinsalela ze-glucose ezi-5. Akhiqizwa ngokukhipha isithelo se-monk ngamanzi noma i-ethanol engu-50%, kulandelwa ukugxila, ukomiswa, kanye nokuvuselela kabusha. I-monk fruit glycosides yizimpushana ezimhlophe zekristalu ezinephuzu lokuncibilika lika-197-201℃(zibola). Amnandi izikhathi ezingama-260 kune-sucrose, anobumnandi obungapheli kanye ne-aftertaste ebabayo okusikhumbuza i-steviol glycosides.
I-Glycyrrhizin, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-glycyrrhizin, ine-molecular formula C42H62O16. I-crystalline powder emhlophe enephuzu lokuncibilika lama-degree angu-220 (ibola), inani le-calorific elingu-0, kanye nobumnandi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-200 kune-sucrose. Inokunambitheka okubabayo kwesikhashana. I-licorice ekhishwe ayincibiliki kancane emanzini futhi ihlanza izixazululo ze-ethanol, kodwa incibilika kalula emanzini ashisayo. Ine-asidi ebuthakathaka futhi isetshenziselwa kabanzi ukuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa ubumnandi, kanye nokulungisa ukunambitheka. Uma isetshenziswa ihlanganiswe ne-sodium saccharin kanye ne-nucleic acid{10}based flavorings, iba nomthelela we-synergistic kubumnandi nokunambitha. Imikhiqizo ethengiswayo iwusawoti wayo we-ammonium noma we-potassium.
I-Xylitol, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-pentapentyl alcohol, ine-molecular formula C5H12O5. I-xylitol ehlanzekile iyimpushana ecwebezelayo emhlophe enebanga lokuncibilika elingu-92–96 degree. Inokuqina okuhle kokushisa, inani le-calorific lika-17 kJ/g, kanye nobumnandi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-0.65-1.05 kune-sucrose. Inokunambitheka okuqabulayo lapho idliwe ngokuqondile. Njenge-sweetener yokugcwalisa, i-xylitol ingadlulisela ukwakheka nevolumu ekudleni futhi inemisebenzi efana nokuvimbela ukubola kwamazinyo, ingabangeli ukushintshashintsha kwamazinga kashukela egazini, kanye nokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo ezizuzisayo zamathumbu. I-Xylitol ivimbela ukukhula kwemvubelo nomsebenzi wokuvutshelwa; ngakho-ke, akufanelekile ukudla okudinga ukuvutshelwa kwemvubelo. Ukuphuza ngokweqile kwe-xylitol kungabangela ukungakhululeki emathunjini noma isifo sohudo. Inokunambitheka okuqabulayo futhi ingathuthukisa ukunambitheka uma ixutshwe nezinye izishukela. Inomthelela obalulekile ekulungiseni ukunambitheka kanye nephunga, futhi izici zayo zobumnandi nazo zinhle uma zisetshenziswa ne-saccharin ne-acesulfame potassium, ukufihla ukunambitheka okungajabulisi nama-flavour ngokuvamile okuhlotshaniswa nama-sweeteners aqinile. Ukuphuza ngokweqile i-erythritol kungase kubangele isifo sohudo nokuqunjelwa.
Ama-sweeteners emvelo enziwe ngemvelo
I-Sucralose
I-Sucralose, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-trichlorogalactosucrose noma i-sucralose, iphuma ku-trichloro ye-sucrose. Ifomula yayo yamangqamuzana ithi C12H19O8Cl3. I-crystalline powder emhlophe enephuzu elincibilikayo elingu-125℃kanye nevelu ye-calorific engu-0. Imnandi izikhathi ezingu-600 kune-sucrose, inobumnandi obumsulwa, obusucrose{8}obufana nobumnandi, obungenayo i-aftertaste, futhi ayibangeli ukubola kwamazinyo noma ukushintshashintsha kukashukela egazini. I-Sucralose inokunyibilika okuhle kakhulu nokuzinza, futhi inganciphisa ukunambitheka okumuncu nokunosawoti; ingakwazi ukufihla ukunambitheka okungajabulisi okunjenge-astringency, umunyu, nezinambitheka zotshwala; futhi ingathuthukisa ukunambitheka okubabayo kanye nobisi.
I-Alitame, ngokwekhemikhali eyaziwa ngokuthi i-aspartic acid alanine, iyi-sweetener ye-dipeptide enefomula yamangqamuzana C14H25N3O4S·2.5H2O. Impushana emhlophe ecwebezelayo, cishe izikhathi ezingama-2000 ubumnandi kune-sucrose futhi ubumnandi obuphindwe ka-10 kune-aspartame (APM). Akuwona{10}}isishukela esinomsoco esinokunambitheka okufana ne-sucrose, ngaphandle kwe-aftertaste noma i-metallic astringency, futhi akuyona{11}}hygroscopic. Incibilika kalula emanzini ne-ethanol, izinze kakhulu, futhi inokushisa okuhle nokumelana ne-asidi. Izinze kakhulu ezindaweni ezine-pH 5-8. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokubhaka, i-alitame izinzile kune-aspartame, igcina izinzuzo ze-aspartame ngenkathi inqoba ukuntula kwayo. I-Alitame ayifanele ukusetshenziswa esinkwa naseziphuzweni ezidakayo.
Ama-Sweeteners Okwenziwa: I-Neotame. I-Neotame iwukuphuma kwe-aspartame okwakhiwa ngokungeza iqembu le-hydrophobic ku-molecule ye-aspartame. Igama layo lamakhemikhali limane nje i-dimethyl ethyl aspartate, nefomula yamangqamuzana C20H30N2O5. I-crystalline powder emhlophe, kodwa ngokuvamile i-monohydrate itholakala, nge-empirical molecular formula C20H30N2O5 · H2O, indawo yokuncibilika ye-80.9-83.4 degree, futhi ayiboli. I-Neotame imnandi izikhathi ezingama-30–60 kune-aspartame futhi imnandi izikhathi ezingama-6000–10000 kune-sucrose. Igcina izici eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ze-aspartame, njengobumnandi obumsulwa, ukusabalalisa ukunambitheka okuhle kanye ne-flavour{19}}izakhiwo ezithuthukisayo, awekho amakhalori, futhi awekho i-cariogenicity. I-Neotame monohydrate ayiyona{21}}hygroscopic. Ezimweni ezine-acidic, i-neotame ibonisa ukuzinza okufanayo njenge-aspartame; Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH ezingathathi hlangothi noma ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphakeme esikhashana, i-neotame izinzile kakhulu kune-aspartame, okuyenza ifanelekele ukusetshenziswa lapho i-aspartame ingafaneleki khona, njengasezimpahleni ezibhakwayo.
I-Saccharin, ngokwekhemikhali eyaziwa ngokuthi o{0}}sulfonylbenzoimide, ine-molecular formula C7H5O3NS, ibanga elincibilikayo elingu-228–230℃, futhi iyikristalu engenambala noma impushana emhlophe. Ubumnandi bayo bucishe buphindwe izikhathi ezingama-500 kobesucrose. I-Saccharin yaziwa nangokuthi i-saccharin enganyibiliki noma i-saccharin acid. Okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-saccharin empeleni i-sodium saccharin, usawoti we-sodium we-saccharin, nefomula ye-molecular C7H4O3NSNa·2H2O. Incibilika kalula emanzini futhi yaziwa nangokuthi i-saccharin encibilikayo. Ibonakala ingenambala ku-white orthorhombic plate{17}}njengamakristalu, ayinaphunga noma enephunga elimnandi kancane, ayikwazi ukuguqulwa emzimbeni womuntu, inevelu ye-calorific engu-0, futhi isixazululo sayo esinamanzi sinokunambitha okubabayo. I-Cyclamate, eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-cyclohexylsulfamic acid, inefomula ye-molecular C6H13NO3S. I-crystalline powder emhlophe enebanga lokuncibilika lika-169–170℃kanye nevelu ye-calorific engu-0. Ubumnandi bayo buphindwe izikhathi ezingu-40-50 kobesucrose. I-cyclamate etholakala ngokwentengiso empeleni ingusawoti wayo we-sodium noma we-calcium, obonakala njengamakristalu angenambala noma amhlophe acwebile. Iwukushisa{31}okuzinzile, ayi{32}}hygroscopic, incibilika kalula emanzini, ayinayo i-aftertaste engathandeki, futhi ifihla ukubaba. I-Cyclamate ivamise ukusetshenziswa ne-saccharin, imvamisa ngesilinganiso esingu-10:1, iqinisekisa ubumnandi obulinganayo kanye nokufihla okuhambisanayo kwama-flavour angajabulisi, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe izici zokunambitha. Kukhona nemibiko yemiphumela ye-synergistic phakathi kwe-cyclamate, i-saccharin, ne-aspartame. 1.4.4 I-Acesulfame K Acesulfame K, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-AK sugar, inegama lekhemikhali elithi acesulfame potassium, nefomula ye-molecular C4H4SKNO4. Umkhiqizo ohlanzekile uyimpushana emhlophe, e-oblique ene-melting point ye-123 degree. Iqala ukubola ngaphezu kwe-225 degree, inenani le-calorific lika-0, futhi limnandi izikhathi ezingu-150 kune-sucrose. Inokunambitheka okumnandi okungenayo i-aftertaste engathandeki futhi ingaxutshwa namanye ama-sweeteners. I-Acesulfame K incibilika kalula emanzini futhi azinzile ekushiseni nase-asidi.